Ibadah Fiqh Doctrines

Analysis and Examination of the Valid Justice in the Imam of Congregational Prayer

Ali Akbar Ezadifard; Hossein Kaviar; Seyyed Mojtaba Hoseinnezhad

Volume 5, Issue 9 , December 2024, Pages 5-34

https://doi.org/10.30513/jwd.2025.7462.1243

Abstract

In Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), leading the congregational prayer (imamate)requires the fulfillment of a set of conditions, some of which pertain to the individual's cognitive ... Read More In Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), leading the congregational prayer (imamate)requires the fulfillment of a set of conditions, some of which pertain to the individual's cognitive and intellectual capacities, such as maturity and soundness of mind and some others pertain to public trust and confidence in his character, including the condition of justice. Among these conditions, the justice of the congregational imam holds a pivotal position, and there is a jurisprudential consensus on the necessity of verifying (acquiring knowledge) it. However, , considerable differences are discernible among Imāmiyya (Arabic: امامیّه)Shiite jurists( in their conceptualization of justice. Certain scholars have construed justice exclusively as outward propriety and the absence of manifest transgression(committing sins and disobeying God’s commands). Another group has defined justice solely as the abstention from major sins (Arabic: الکبائر) and non-persistence in minor ones. Yet some others maintain that justice must arise from a stable inner character, such that the renunciation of transgressions stems from inner steadfastness(constancy) rather than out of fear or expediency. Ultimately, the prominent view among Imāmiyya (Arabic: امامیّه)Shiite jurists(fuqaha)after ʿAllāmah al-Ḥillī ,conceives of justice as an inner moral disposition (malakah nafsānīyah) that compels the individual to observe piety (taqwā) and propriety, manifesting itself in both social and personal conducts. This note, utilizing a descriptive–analytical method and drawing upon authoritative Imāmiyya and Sunni jurisprudential sources, undertakes a comparative study of diverse perspectives regarding the justice of the imam of the congregational prayer (imām al-jamāʿah). It ultimately proposes an integrative theory termed ‘Minimal Inner self Justice .Based on this theory, the sustained practice of balanced behaviors, observance of piety, and socially accepted norms indicates the presence of a certain inner disposition that may be considered as a manifestation of minimal inner self justice. Unlike actualized justice (al-ʿadālah al-fiʿlīyah), which presumes the individual’s justice as a given, this type of justice requires verification, though its establishment is less arduous. Its criterion of validity is considered by the customary and normative standing of the imam of congregational prayer within the community.

An Analysis of the Devotional or Transactional Nature of Voluntary Charitable Giving (Sadaqah) in Article 807 of the Civil Code

Seyed Abolghasem Hoseini Zeidi; Mohammad Mehdi Latifi seyed Abadi

Volume 5, Issue 9 , December 2024, Pages 35-58

https://doi.org/10.30513/jwd.2025.7411.1239

Abstract

Sadaqah in Imāmiyya (Arabic: امامیّه) fiqh has always a dual function. On the one hand, it is regarded as a devotional act (ʿibādī) aimed at drawing proximity to God; on ... Read More

An Examination and Analysis of the Poofs for the Obligation to Obtain the Husband’s Permission for a Wife’s Recommended Pilgrimage (Hajj Mustahabb)

Sakineh Rastegar Moghadam Ebrahimian

Volume 5, Issue 9 , December 2024, Pages 59-80

https://doi.org/10.30513/jwd.2025.7450.1241

Abstract

The goal of this note is to examine and analyze the proofs for the obligation of a wife’s seeking her husband’s permission for performing a recommended pilgrimage (Arabic: ... Read More The goal of this note is to examine and analyze the proofs for the obligation of a wife’s seeking her husband’s permission for performing a recommended pilgrimage (Arabic: حج مستحبیhajj mustahabbi). The study is conducted a library-based research method in a descriptive‑analytical method; by refering to the Islamic jurisprudential evidences , the necessary information has been collected and analysed. The findings express that several groups of proofs have been invoked in support of the obligation to obtain the husband’s permission for a wife’s recommended pilgrimage. Some Islamic narrations and general Qurʾānic proofs, such as the verse in Sura al‑Baqarah (2:223) and the verse in Sura an‑Nisāʾ (4:34), emphasize the necessity of respecting the husband’s right to the legal enjoyment(Arabic: حق الاستمتاع ḥaqq al‑istimtāʿ). Therefore, if an act such as the wife’s recommended pilgrimage conflicts with that right, it is prohibited. General narrational evidences point to the necessity of observing the husband’s right of enjoyment and indicate the non‑entitlement to maintenance (Arabic: نفقه nafaqeh)for a woman who leaves the house without her husband’s permission. The study and analysis of particular and general proofs led the researcher to the conclusion that the particular proofs (the narrations) seem that they are insufficient to prove the requirement of the husband’s permission for this recommended pilgrimage because of weaknesses in their chains or problems in their meaning (hadiths meaning). The general proofs that indicate the prohibition of a woman’s leaving the house is not absolute; rather, only departure in a state of estrangement or departure with no intention of return is forbidden and prohibited. In the case of a recommended pilgrimage, where neither a state of estrangement nor an intention of permanent departure exists, one cannot assert the prohibition of the wife’s departure.

The Duty of the Muhrim During Travel in Windy Conditions

Mehdi Sajedi

Volume 5, Issue 9 , December 2024, Pages 81-97

https://doi.org/10.30513/jwd.2025.7393.1237

Abstract

One of the prohibitions of ihram (Arabic: احرام) is istidhlāl (Arabic: استظلال)- seeking or remaining in shade while traveling. Among Imāmiyya (Arabic: امامیّه) ... Read More

A Comparative Study of Methods for the Legitimization (Taḥlīl) of Lawfully-Acquired (Ḥalāl) Property Mixed with Unlawfully-Acquired (Ḥarām) Property

Seyed Mostafa Tabatabai; Reza Andalibi; Zahra Eshghi

Volume 5, Issue 9 , December 2024, Pages 99-123

https://doi.org/10.30513/jwd.2025.7390.1236

Abstract

Islamic law(Shari’ah), in addition to regulating devotional acts, organizes the economic and social dimensions of human life and takes a particular sensitivity towards the acquisition ... Read More

Feasibility of Codifying the Maxim “أفضل الأعمال أحمزها” (the Most Virtuous Deeds are the Most Difficult) in Imāmiyya Fiqh

Morteza Rahimi; Faramarz Fakhremaani

Volume 5, Issue 9 , December 2024, Pages 125-155

https://doi.org/10.30513/jwd.2025.7316.1229

Abstract

The hadith “(the most virtuous deeds are the most difficult”(Arabic: أفضل الأعمال أحمزها) is transmitted mursal (a hadith one or more transmitters of which ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Volume 5, Issue 9, December 2024

Analysis and Examination of the Valid Justice in the Imam of Congregational Prayer

Abstract

An Analysis of the Devotional or Transactional Nature of Voluntary Charitable Giving (Sadaqah) in Article 807 of the Civil Code

Abstract

An Examination and Analysis of the Poofs for the Obligation to Obtain the Husband’s Permission for a Wife’s Recommended Pilgrimage (Hajj Mustahabb)

Abstract

The Duty of the Muhrim During Travel in Windy Conditions

Abstract

A Comparative Study of Methods for the Legitimization (Taḥlīl) of Lawfully-Acquired (Ḥalāl) Property Mixed with Unlawfully-Acquired (Ḥarām) Property

Abstract

Feasibility of Codifying the Maxim “أفضل الأعمال أحمزها” (the Most Virtuous Deeds are the Most Difficult) in Imāmiyya Fiqh

Abstract